ABSTRACT
The article examines the origins, main goals and clandestine operations conducted by Polish Intelligence Services in The Netherlands between 1947 and 1962, as well as Dutch counter-intelligence measures in order to thwart Polish espionage. By using declassified intelligence documents from Polish and Dutch archives, we stipulate that the intelligence operations of Polish civilian and military intelligence stations in The Hague were seriously hampered by the coherent and systematic counter-intelligence operations conducted by Dutch services. Accounts from Polish and Dutch archives indicate that Polish intelligence personnel working undercover as diplomats were quickly identified and put under constant surveillance. Moreover, Polish HUMINT operations aimed at recruiting Dutch citizens were surprisingly unsuccessful.
app.blackhole.run
The article examines the origins, main goals and clandestine operations conducted by Polish Intelligence Services in The Netherlands between 1947 and 1962, as well as Dutch counter-intelligence measures in order to thwart Polish espionage. By using declassified intelligence documents from Polish and Dutch archives, we stipulate that the intelligence operations of Polish civilian and military intelligence stations in The Hague were seriously hampered by the coherent and systematic counter-intelligence operations conducted by Dutch services. Accounts from Polish and Dutch archives indicate that Polish intelligence personnel working undercover as diplomats were quickly identified and put under constant surveillance. Moreover, Polish HUMINT operations aimed at recruiting Dutch citizens were surprisingly unsuccessful.
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