Understanding Jet Engine Technology

[Bhartiya Sainik]

Hot JET ENGINE has always been a hot topic of discussion, especially comparing them & trying to decipher capability of new upcoming engines.
Every machine, even the household ones are complex, but many people are great fans about bike/car engines, computers, phones, security systems, solar power systems, etc. And they discuss online or face to face on these things.

Similarly, let's make an effort to understand a jet engine in an easy way. You can share many Youtube videos & websites which don't get into complex mathematical model.
A picture/diagram/graph is worth 1000 words.
A video/animation can be worth 1000 pictures.

Let's try to proceed step by step
- What is Jet engine, how is it different from other engine
- Parts & aspects of jet engine
- Jet engine types
- How it starts
- What happens internally when it is throttled
- What would happen when any aspect/component is modified.
- Then we can compare jet engines
- What Engineers & Enthusiasts look for in it.
- How a new jet engine characteristics would be decided for a type of jet
- Can we guess capability of a new engine being developed
- etc

What is Jet Engine, what's different, its basic parts & types.
Low IQ noob like me will use Google search incl. Wiki obviously.
Others are also expected to contribute - Youtube videos, 3D anim, etc.
I'm not going to get into history & making process, etc. Just straight to point, simple, high school level, compact yet comprehensive.

(Jet engine - Wikipedia)
A jet engine is a type of reaction engine, discharging a fast-moving jet of heated gas (usually air) that generates thrust by jet propulsion.
The term jet engine typically refers to an internal combustion air-breathing jet engine such as a turbojet, turbofan, ramjet, pulse jet, or scramjet. In general, jet engines are internal combustion engines.
Air-breathing jet engines typically feature a rotating air compressor powered by a turbine, with the leftover power providing thrust through the propelling nozzle—this process is known as the Brayton thermodynamic cycle.

What is Action-Reaction engine

What is different?
Basic working principle is same like in a 4-stroke Internal Combustione Engine, the fuel is fossil fuel derived.
In ICE the compressed, ignited & expanded fuel+air mix pushes the piston connected to shaft & then to drive wheels through gears. So some of the fuel's heat+KE is transferred to piston, remaining fuel is ejected as waste through Silencer pipe.
In GTE, the compressed, ignited, expanded fuel+air mix pushes the angled turbine blades causing their rotation & in turn rotating the compressors/intake-fans also on the same shaft which pull in more air causing a cycle. So some heat+KE of fuel is transferred to turbine+shaft+compressors, rest is exhausted producing thrust which is Action & in Reaction the Aircraft moves forward.

CAUTION - 60/40% is a notional figure, not always the case. It depends on engine type, characrteristics.

Jet engine sections & basic parts
As example, a Turbojet is used below.

NOTE- the speed of air in any engine, Civil/Military, Turbo-jet/fan, before entering engine has to be subsonic otherwise the shonic shockwaves will rupture the engine.
In Civil jets the aircraft speed is always subsonic, hence the inlet with front fanis visible.
In military jets the inlet has a tunnel designed to reduce the speed of air at supersonic airframe speed.
The Compressors then compress the incoming air by say 10/20/30 times, measured in terms of Compression ratio or OPR (Overall Pressure Ratio). compressing the air also increases its temperature. The compressed air can be bleeded via plumbing, hence called BLEED AIR to be used for HVAC, anti-ice, engine cooling, compartment pressurization, ECS (Environment Control System), thrust control, hetc.
The Combustor injects fuel & mixes with air in a Fuel-Air mix ratio, ignites the mix, which expands the gas towards Turbines.
The Turbine blades are angled to get pushed by air & rotate, in turn rotating the fans, compressors.
The temperature measured just before turbine blades is known as Turbine Inlet Temperature, limited by melting point of body materials.
Nozzle has evolved from a typical short exhaust to modern ones with stealth features to reduce RCS, IRS & acoustic signature. pressure can be measured at nozzle w.r.t. intake pressure, called EPR (Engine Pressure Ratio).
The Gear Box in a jet engine is called Accessory Drive(AD), have 2 parts - EMAD (Engine Mounted Accessory Drive) & AMAD (Airframe Mounted Accessory Drive). AD is connected to turbines which allows initial rotation for start & then take-off the power to electricity generators, etc.
The central rotating parts are fans, compressors, turbines on a shaft, comprise a SPOOL.
The outer stationary parts are inlet vanes, exhaust vanes, combustors, casings, AD.

Jet Engine types

Today's popular frontline fighter jets have Turbofans.

Difference b/w Turbojet & Turbofan -
In Turbojet, 100% of the air pulled into engine is compressed burned in combustor & exhausted.
All rotating components consitute a single SPOOL.
In Turbofan, certain % of air pulled in is less compressed & BYPASSED off the combustor & may or may not be mixed back in core exhaust by Mixer, before exiting the nozzle. But for understanding we can imagine that the cylindrical core exhaust air will be surrounded by outer cylinderical bypassed air. The bypassed air can be used for engine cooling, increased thrust, etc.
So basically a Turbojet is surrounded by a cylndrical structure to create channel for bypassed air & diameter of some frontmost stages of fan are extended.
All the portions which interact with non-bypassed combusted air constitute engine CORE.
The bypass ratio (BPR) of a turbofan engine is the ratio between the mass flow rate of the bypass stream to the mass flow rate entering the core. A bypass ratio of 6, for example, means that 6 times more air passes through the bypass duct than the amount that passes through the combustion chamber. A Bypass ratio of 0.6 means 60% equivalent of combusted core air, is bypassed.

We see difference in 2 examples of Turbofan -
In above example the bypassed air is mixed within the nozzle, a typical example of military jet engine.
In below example the bypassed air is released far before, a typical example of passenger/cargo jet engine.
NOTE - in any type of engine the tangential velocity of any stage of blade tip cannot cross Mach-1 or Supersonic. So the blades with lesser diameter can spin faster than those with higher diameter. The inlet fan(s) & rearmost turbine blades diameter is highest & hence need to be on a separate concentric shaft. This creates 2 SPOOLS.
HP(High Presure) SPOOL spinning faster comprises HPC (High Pressure Compressors), HPT (High Pressure Turbine(s)).
LP(Low Pressure) SPOOL spinning slower comprises fan(s), LPC (Low Pressure Compressors), LPT (Low Pressure Turbine(s)).

The # of stages of fans, LPC, HPC, HPT, LPT differ in different engine models.

Most military combat jet's engines have AFTERBURNER or REHEAT or AUGMENTOR.
As is the name : After-Burner or Re-Heat, it is positioned after the burner/combustor, even after the Turbines, is used to again re-heat the exhaust gas with more fuel spray, creating 30-70% more thrust beyond 100% throttle power. It can kick up the max speed to 1.5-2 times than at 100% power depending upon altitude & payload. It rapidly depletes fuel hence used mainly during dogfight, launching weapon, intercepting, evasion.

IDK if all engines have an outer channel for cooling by bypass air. Belowis a sample pic.

 

[retrodynamic]

Very interesting.
Here is my Stuff / (I show with any compromise about from you)

Latest InFlow Generation - State of the Art Novel Top Tech: ·1-Gearturbine Reaction Turbine Rotary Turbo, ·2-Imploturbocompressor Impulse Turbine 1 Compression Step:

·1-Gearturbine: Reaction Turbine, ·Rotary-Turbo, Similar System of the Aeolipile ·Heron Steam Device from 10-70 AD, ·With Retrodynamic = DextroGiro/RPM VS LevoGiro/InFlow, + ·Ying Yang Power Type, ·Non Waste Parasitic Looses,

·2-Imploturbocompressor: Impulse Turbine, ·Implo-Ducted, One Moving Part System Excellence Design, ·InFlow Goes from Macro to Micro, ·One Compression Step, ·Same Hurricane Satellite View.

http://stateoftheartnovelinflowtech.blogspot.com

https://padlet.com/gearturbine/un2slbar3s94

 

[retrodynamic]

Very interesting.
Here is my Stuff / (I show with any compromise about from you)

Latest InFlow Generation - State of the Art Novel Top Tech: ·1-Gearturbine Reaction Turbine Rotary Turbo, ·2-Imploturbocompressor Impulse Turbine 1 Compression Step:

View attachment 75794

·1-Gearturbine: Reaction Turbine, ·Rotary-Turbo, Similar System of the Aeolipile ·Heron Steam Device from 10-70 AD, ·With Retrodynamic = DextroGiro/RPM VS LevoGiro/InFlow, + ·Ying Yang Power Type, ·Non Waste Parasitic Looses,

View attachment 75795

·2-Imploturbocompressor: Impulse Turbine, ·Implo-Ducted, One Moving Part System Excellence Design, ·InFlow Goes from Macro to Micro, ·One Compression Step, ·Same Hurricane Satellite View.

http://stateoftheartnovelinflowtech.blogspot.com

https://padlet.com/gearturbine/un2slbar3s94

Latest InFlow Generation State of the Art Novel Top Tech: ·1-Gearturbine Reaction Turbine Rotary Turbo, ·2-Imploturbocompressor Impulse Turbine 1 Compression Step

·Wordpress Blog State of the Art Novel InFlow Gearturbine Imploturbocompressor:

http://stateoftheartnovelinflowtech.blogspot.com

https://padlet.com/gearturbine/un2slbar3s94

*1-GEARTURBINE PROJECT,

Reaction-Turbine System Type,
Rotary-Turbo-InFlow Tech,
Atypical InFlow Thermodynamic,
Technology Proposal Submission,
Novel Fueled Motor Engine Type:

·State of the art Innovative concept Top system Higher efficient percent.*Power by bar, for Air-Planes, Sea-Boats, Land-Transport & Dynamic Power-Plant Generation.

-Have similar system of the Aeolipilie Heron Steam device from Alexandria 10-70 AD. -New Form-Function Motor-Engine Device. Next Step, Epic Design Change, Broken-Seal Revelation. -Desirable Power-Plant Innovation. Next trend wave toward global technological coming change.

-YouTube; * Atypical New • GEARTURBINE / Retrodynamic = DextroRPM VS LevoInFlow + Ying Yang Thrust Way Type - Non Waste Looses

The present invention relates to a compression and pushing motor characterized in that it is composed of a housing, said housing accommodates a rotor rotating in its internal space supported by a pair of gears whose passage coincides with the inner surface of the rotor; A rotor (or core) that internally has flow ducts presented one in reverse of another, balanced these, begin at the point where they end; Has several cavity points for reaction turbines, as well as two combustion chambers isolated by means of a system of nozzles and presented in the manner of poles, that is on opposite sides of one another, but their flow with the same circular direction of the rotor when It rotates; The rotor also has several fluid conduits radially presented; A hollow power transmission rod arranged and traversing in the center of the rotor, which in its interior flows the lubricant and fuel with movement of the ends towards the center, at this point by means of the centrifugal force of the rotor reaches the required parts; In the bar is arranged an air intake fan which by rotating the rotor suction air and introduces it to the internal ducts of the rotor with an initial compression, next to this fan is a current collector that generates the necessary electricity and Together with a coil, activates the current necessary for combustion; A center of the nucleus in which the formation of the internal ducts of the rotor begins and ends (in and out); Said center of the core has arranged a pair of semi-cylindrical cavities housing two pairs of turbochargers said core of the core is diagonally traversed by fluid conduits exiting from the bar to the combustion bed and lubrication points and by the centrifugal force of the rotation Of the rotor sends the fluids to the required points due to their radial direction; Exhaust blades are the point of exit of the exhaust gases that leave the internal ducts of the rotor and contrareaccional with the fixed blade in the last point of use of propulsion of the motor; Two combustion chambers contained in the rotor's strong ducts when the parts forming it are joined, said chambers have their flame in front of the thrust blade, which is connected by a common shaft to a gear located on the outside of the rotor and Coincides with the internal gear of the housing; A starter motor which by means of a gear engages the starter gear attached to the bar.

-This innovative concept consists of hull and core where are held all 8 Steps of the work-flow which make the concept functional. The core has several gears and turbines which are responsible for these 8 steps (5 of them are dedicated to the turbo stages). The first step is fuel compression, followed by 2 cold turbo levels. The fourth step is where the fuel starts burning – combustion stage, which creates thrust for the next, 5th step – thrust step, which provides power to the planetary gears and turbines and moves the system. This step is followed by two hot turbo steps and the circle is enclosed by the final 8th step – bigger turbine. All this motion in a retrodynamic circumstance effect, wich is plus higher RPM speed by self motion. The Reaction at front of the action.

·:8-X/Y Thermodynamic CYCLE - Way Steps
1)1-Compression / bigger
2)2-Turbo 1 cold
3)2-Turbo 2 cold
4)2-Combustion - circular motion flames / opposites
5)2-Thrust - single turbo & planetary gears / ying yang
6)2-Turbo 2 hot
7)2-Turbo 1 hot
8)1-Turbine / bigger

-With Retrodynamic Dextrogiro => vs <= Levogiro Phenomenon Effect. / Rotor-RPM VS InFlow / front to front; "Collision-Interaction Type" - inflow vs blades-gear-move. Technical unique dynamic innovative motion mode. [Retrodynamic Reaction = When the inflow have more velocity the rotor have more RPM Acceleration, with high (XY Position) Momentum] Which the internal flow (and rotor) duplicate its speed, when activated being in a rotor (and inflow) with [inverse] opposite Turns. The Reaction at front of the action. A very strong Novel torque power concept.

-Non waste parasitic looses for; friction, cooling, lubrication & combustion.

-Shape-Mass + Rotary-Motion = Inertia-Dynamic / Form-Function Wide [Flat] Cylindrical shape + positive dynamic rotary mass = continue Inertia positive tendency motion. Kinetic Rotating Mass. Tendency of matter to continue to move. Like a Free-Wheel.

-Combustion 2Two continue circular [Rockets] flames. [ying yang] opposite one to the other. – With 2TWO very long distance INFLOW [inside propulsion] CONDUITS. -4 IMPLOTURBOS Rotary Total Thrust-Power Regeneration Power System. -Mechanical direct 2two [Small] Planetary Gears at polar position. -Like the Ying Yang Symbol/Concept.

-The Mechanical Gear Power Thrust Point Wide out the Rotor circumference were have much more lever [HIGH Torque] POWER THRUST. -No blade erosion by sand & very low heat target signature profile. -3 points of power thrust; 1-flow way, 2-gear, 3-turbine. *Patent; Dic. 1991 IMPI Mexico #197187 All Rights Reserved. Carlos Barrera.

·2-IMPLOTURBOCOMPRESSOR; Impulse-Turbine System Type, Implo-Ducted, One Moving Part System Excellence Design - The InFlow Interaction comes from Macro-Flow and goes to Micro-Flow by Implossion - Only One Compression Step; Inflow, Compression and outflow at one simple circular dynamic motion Concept.

·“Excellence in Design" because is only one moving part. Only one unique compression step. Inflow and out flow at the same one system, This invention by its nature a logic and simple conception in the dynamics flow mechanics area. The invention is a wing made of one piece in a rotating motion, contained in a pair cavity system connected by implocavity, and interacting dynamically with a flow, that passes internally "Imploded" through its simple mechanism. This flow can be gas (air) or liquid (water). And have two different applications, in two different form-function; this one can be received (using the dynamic flow passage, as a receiver). Or it can be generated (with a power plant, generating a propulsion).

An example cut be, as a Bike needs a chain to work from motor to wheel. And for the Imploturbocompressor application, cut be as; in a circumstance at the engine, as an A-activate flow, and with a a tube flow conduit going to the wheel as a B-receiving-flow the work use.

To see a Imploturbocompressor animation, is possible on a simple easy way, just to check the similar Hurricane Eye Satellite view, and is the same imploinflow way Simple nature.

And when the flow that is received and that is intended to be used at best, must no necessarily by a exhausting or rejection gas, but must be a dynamic passing gas or liquid flow with the only intention to count it or to measure it. This could be possible at the passing and interacting period when it passes inside its simple mechanism. This can be in any point of the work flow trajectory.

In case the flow that is received is a water falling by gravity, the Imploturbocompressor can profit an be obtained by generating? electricity such as obtained by the pelton well, like I say before. The "Imploturbocompressor", is a good option to pump water, or a gas flow, and all kinds of pipes lines dynamic moves.

Or only receive the air-liquid flow, in order to measure its passage with a counter placed on the bar, because when this flow passes through the simple mechanism of a rotating wing made of only one piece it interacts within the implocavities system. And this flow can be air wind, with the difference of can have an horizontal work position, and that particle technical circumstances make an easy way for urban building work new use application, and have wind flow from all the sides 180 grades view. The aforementioned information about this invention refers to technical applications, such as a dynamic flow receiver. (whether being gas or liquid).

With the appropriate power plant and the appropriate dimensioning and number of RPM this invention is also feasible to generate an atmospheric air propulsion and the auto-propulsion of an aircraft. Being an effective and very simple system that implodes and compresses the atmospheric air permits the creation of a new concept of propulsion for aircrafts, due to its simple mechanism and innovative nature. At the place of the aircraft were the system appears and the manner how the propulsion direction can be oriented with a vectorial flow (no lobster tail) with I call "yo-yo system" (middle cut (at the shell) to move, one side loose), guided and balanced is feasible to create a new concept of TOVL-vertical take-off landing, Because the exhaust propulsion can going out radial in all the 360 vectorial positions, going out direct all the time in all the vectors direction. With his rotor cover for a better furtive fly, like going down of a bridge for example. Likewise, with the due form and dimensioning, and considering the liquid density and the due revolutions for this element there could be generated a propulsion (water) in order to move an aquatic ship, whether on surface or under water. Also can be a good option to pump liquid combustion for a rocket propulsion.

Making a metaphoric comparison with the intention to expose it more clearly for a better comprehension of this innovative technical detail, it would be similar to the trajectory and motion of a dynamic flow compared with a rope (extended) that passes through the system would have now a knot (without obstructing the flow), so the complete way of the flow at the imploturbocompresor system have three direct ways and between make two different turns; direct way (entrance) - turn - direct way (implocavity) - turn - direct way (exit), all this in a 1 simple circular move system concept.

Its prudent to mention that the curves and the inclinations of the blades of a rotating wing made of this invention, is conferred by its shape and function a structural rigidity allowing it to conduct and alter appropriately the dynamic flow passing through its system.

www.linkedin.com/in/carlos-barrera-garza-658b702b