They invested, but it was deemed "unfeasible" within the current doctrine, as submarines were supposed to stay in the shadows as long and as far as possible. If super-cavitating torpedoes were to be used, it was only as a last resort, when a submarine was likely to be 'chased'. And since the countries that developed this system had nuclear-powered submarines that could outrun torpedoes or even most surface warships, they did not opt for it. (Maybe except for Germany, they were bored and just wanted to do something more sophisticated than DM2A4).
Better guidance, better electronics, better control units, better manoeuvrability, better rocket fuel for longer ranges, encapsulated super-cavitating torpedoes could change the way these systems were intended to be used, battery technology has also been developed that could lead to capsules with sufficient range to bring the submarine into safe range for engagements. Until recently, torpedoes used Otto fuel, then chemical batteries, and finally lithium-ion as the tech is matured. When super-cavitating torpedoes were introduced decades ago, they could operate at limited depths due to bubble collapse, and today they can be used with controlled gas injection to keep the bubble alive at more flexible depths. This is just one example. In the past they relied on cavitator for maneuvering,and not very so nowadays.
It has no "not super-cavitating" state, the torpedo is pushed out, swims to a safe distance, turns on the rocket engine with the gas generator and goes.