The Mongols operated a vast relay network called the yam, consisting of more than 1,000 relay stations spread across the empire.
Stations were typically placed 20–40 miles (30–65 km) apart and stocked with fresh horses, food, fodder, and lodging.
Official couriers carried a paiza (an imperial passport), allowing them to change horses at each station and travel without delay. Most official messengers covered 150–250 km (90–155 miles) per day, while urgent dispatches could travel even faster under ideal conditions.
The system enabled the Mongol Empire to send military orders, intelligence, tax records, and diplomatic messages across thousands of miles in just weeks, making it the fastest overland communication network in the world before the telegraph.
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