German technology for Turkish drone warfare
Turkey's best-selling combat drone is equipped with cameras made by the German company Hensoldt, a company spokesman confirms. The device could guide missiles developed with German help to the target. The German government also has a stake in the defense company. Turkey uses the drones for attacks in violation of international law.
Oct 12, 2021 at 5:03 PM - Matthias Monroy - in Technology - 3 additions.
The image shows a hemispherical gray device with five openings on the front for cameras and other sensors.
The hemispherical gimbal contains electro-optical sensor technology, it is the eye of the drone and contains a laser marker. - All rights reserved Hensoldt (press release).
For almost two decades, companies from the U.S. and Israel were the undisputed market leaders for armed drones, but now China and Turkey can claim more and more exports. Best known is the Turkish "Bayraktar TB2", which has been used by the Turkish military since 2016 in the Turkish, Syrian and now also Iraqi parts of Kurdistan in violation of international law. In the four-month Operation Olive Branch in Kurdish Rojava three years ago alone, the "TB2" is said to have scored 449 direct hits and enabled fighter jets or helicopters to do so in 680 cases.
The drone with a payload of 65 kilograms is manufactured by Baykar; its namesake and founder is Selçuk Bayraktar, now a son-in-law of the Turkish president. The "TB2" also flew attacks on enemy troops for the Tripoli government in Libya and for Azerbaijan; before Nagorno-Karabakh, it may even have been decisive in the war. The aggressive operations ensured further orders; after Qatar, Ukraine, Morocco, Tunisia and Turkmenistan, Baykar is the first NATO country to sell the drone to Poland; interest is also reportedly coming from Lithuania.
Import of key components
The image shows a drone on a tarmac in front view, with Baykar employees* apparently lined up behind it, with other drones in the background.
A "TB2" at the Baykar factory. - CC-BY-SA 4.0 Bayhaluk
The comparatively young Turkish drone industry is able to produce many of the components for its unmanned aerial vehicles itself or buy them from domestic suppliers, but manufacturers still rely on imports for key components. This applies to engines, for example, which are also produced in Turkey but are less powerful than competing products. For this reason, the "TB2" flew with Rotax engines from Austria, among others. After Turkey's support of Azerbaijan's war of aggression, the company stopped supplying Baykar.
According to the Kurdish news agency ANF, Baykar has also bought from Continental Motors, a U.S. company partly based in Germany that took over Thielert Aircraft Engines GmbH eight years ago. A cruise control system made by the Bavarian company MT-Propeller was found in a crashed "TB2." According to the Armenian National Committee of America, the drone also contained a radar altimeter manufactured by SMS Smart Microwave Sensors GmbH and a fuel filter made by Hengst.
However, exports of these products are not subject to licensing, and sales may also have been made through intermediaries. Hengst, for example, also sells its products through automotive wholesalers; the company says it does not know how the filter came into Baykar's possession. All other companies did not respond to a request for comment.
Gimbal with laser marker
Originally, the "TB2" was also equipped with a sensor module from Canadian manufacturer Wescam. This is effectively the eye of the drone, suspended in a hemispherical container on the fuselage. This so-called gimbal can be swiveled 360° and contains, among other things, optical and infrared-based cameras as well as various laser technologies.
Wescam also finally ended its cooperation with Baykar after the government in Ottawa issued an export ban on the occasion of the war over Nagorno-Karabakh. The country had already imposed a temporary halt to deliveries following Turkish operations in Kurdish Rojava in northern Syria.
Selçuk Bayraktar commented on the decision taken by the Canadian foreign minister, saying that the required sensor technology could now also be produced in Turkey. However, the cameras produced by Aselsan, for example, are heavier than the imported devices, which would drastically reduce the payload of small combat drones.
German government holds shares in Hensoldt
The screenshot shows a house on fire, with the words "Marked and described targets for F16 and F4 jet fighters, and T29 ATAK helicopters" in front of it in white and yellow.
According to a promotional video by the manufacturer, the "TB2" marks targets for fighter aircraft in Kurdish Rojava. - All rights reserved Baykar (Screenshot YouTube)
The Hensoldt Group from Germany, which specializes in sensor technology, could now benefit from the continuing need for imports. This is indicated by footage of a parade in the capital of Turkmenistan, where a freshly purchased "TB2" was also shown on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the attainment of independence two weeks ago in Aşgabat.
The drone was equipped with a gimbal from Hensoldt. This was first reported by the blog "Oryx", which specializes in military technology. The device contains the ARGOS-II module, which, according to the product description, has a laser illuminator and a laser marker. This can be used to guide a missile into the target, for example.
Hensoldt was formed after a spinoff of several divisions of the Airbus defense group, including the radar, optronics, avionics and electronic device jamming businesses. As a company of outstanding security importance, the German government had secured a blocking minority. The Italian defense group Leonardo is also a shareholder.
The ARGOS module is manufactured by Hensoldt subsidiary Optronics Pty in Pretoria, South Africa. When asked, a company spokesman confirmed the cooperation with Baykar. According to this, the devices were delivered from South Africa to Baykar in an undisclosed number of units "as part of an order." In the process, "all applicable national and international laws and export control regulations" were complied with.
Approvals for missile technology
The arming of the "TB2" with laser-guided missiles was also carried out with German assistance. This is evidenced by answers to small questions in the German Bundestag reported by the magazine "Monitor". According to them, the German Foreign Ministry has issued several export licenses for warheads of an anti-tank missile since 2010. They originate from the company TDW Wirksysteme GmbH from the Bavarian town of Schrobenhausen, an offshoot of the European missile manufacturer MBDA.
According to the report, the sales were presumably made to the state-owned Turkish company Roketsan. Equipment or parts for the production of the missiles are also said to have been exported to Turkey.
The TDW guided missiles were of the "LRAT" and "MRAT" types, which are produced in Turkey under a different name. Based on the German exports, Roketsan is said to have developed the "MAM" missiles for drones; they are now part of the standard equipment of the "TB2". These so-called micro-precision munitions are light warheads that can be used to destroy armored targets.
No information on sales to third countries
The photo shows three missiles of different sizes in gray and green colors, marked "roektsan".
MAM missiles from Roketsan at an exhibition Kiev. Ukraine has also purchased several combat drones from Turkey. - CC-BY-SA 4.0 VoidWanderer
Roketsan sells the MAM guided missiles in three different versions, including a so-called vacuum bomb. Their development may have been done with the cooperation of the Bavarian company Numerics Software GmbH, at least that's what ANF Deutsch writes. Numerics specializes in calculating the optimal explosive effect of armor-piercing weapons. According to the German Foreign Ministry, however, the company's products, for which licenses were granted for delivery to Turkey, are not suitable for the warheads in question.
When the German government issues export licenses for military equipment, it can insist on a so-called end-use declaration. In the case of Turkey, the government would commit to obtaining German permission before reselling to a third country.
The Foreign Ministry would not say whether such exchanges on missiles, sensors or other German technology have taken place. In total, export licenses for goods "for use or installation in military drones" with a total value of almost 13 million euros have been issued to Turkey, according to a response from last year.
Translated with
www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)