World Energy Market

[Bogeyman]

Germany to Nationalize Gazprom Unit to Safeguard Gas Supply​

Germany will temporarily nationalize a unit of Gazprom PJSC in the country as it seeks to safeguard security of gas supply.

Gazprom Germania GmbH -- owner of energy supplier Wingas GmbH and a gas storage firm -- will come under the trusteeship of the German energy regulator until Sept. 30, Economy Minister Robert Habeck told reporters in Berlin. The move comes after the Russian gas giant exited the German subsidiary without seeking government approval, violating German law, he said.

Gazprom subsidiaries in Europe are coming under pressure as clients and business partners refuse to do business with them, raising the prospect that some won’t survive. Gazprom Germania’s Astora unit operates Germany’s biggest gas storage facility in the northern town of Rehden in the state of Lower Saxony. The site is considered key to Germany’s energy security.

“The federal government is doing what is necessary to ensure security of supply in Germany,” Habeck said in a statement on Monday. “This also means that we do not allow energy infrastructures in Germany to be subject to arbitrary decisions by the Kremlin.”


Gazprom said on Friday it no longer owned its German subsidiary, which also has a trading arm in the U.K. and units from Switzerland to Singapore. The Russian gas giant didn’t disclose the new ownership, but regulatory filings showed the transaction involved exiting Gazprom Export Business Services LLC, the owner of Gazprom Germania. In turn, a company called Joint Stock Company Palmary became a shareholder of Gazprom Export Business Services LLC.

It isn’t clear who the ultimate beneficial owner of Palmary is: it was registered in October at a Moscow address, and since March 30 its general director was Dmitry Tseplyaev, according to the Russian business register.


Habeck said the deal violated German foreign trade law.

Bloomberg - Are you a robot?

www.bloomberg.com

 

[Deliorman]

Germany has one of most stupid energy policies I have ever hear of... But that is to be expected when their politics were and still are full with Soviet/Russian puppets. Gerhard Schroeder is the most famous one but Mutti Merkel for sure was a Russian asset too. After all she was a member of the Communist party of East Germany... There is no such thing as a former Commie and a former Whore. Like anywhere in Europe all far left and far right parties are supporting Putin too.

Germans didn't only destroy their Nuclear energy sector and a lot of their coal energy plants for Natural gas plants working exclusively on Russian gas but they didn't even bother to build any LNG ports. They even put all of their gas storage facilities into the hands of Gazprom which during this winter filled them up only on 10% to not even give chance to Germany to have any back up if gas from Russia stops flowing.

To undo this whole mess will probably take years and hundreds of billions Euros more will be paid to Putin in the meantime.

 

[Blackbeardsgoldfish]

EU's full ban on Russian coal to be pushed back to mid-August -sources​

• EU to add 4-month wind-down for current coal contracts
• Initial plan was for three, but Germany pushed to extend
• EU set to agree on sanctions after tweaks, including ports

BRUSSELS, April 7 (Reuters) - European Union envoys are set to approve on Thursday a ban on Russian coal that would take full effect from mid-August, a month later than initially planned, two EU sources told Reuters, following pressure from Germany to delay the measure.

The phase-out of EU imports of Russian coal is the cornerstone measure in a fifth package of sanctions against Russia that the EU Commission proposed this week, as a reaction to civilian killings in the Ukrainian town of Bucha.

Once approved, it will be the EU's first ban on any import of energy from Russia since the start of what the Kremlin calls its "special military operation" in Ukraine on Feb. 24.

Oil and gas, which represent far bigger imports from Moscow, are still untouched.

The EU Commission had initially proposed a wind-down period of three months for existing contracts, meaning that Russia could effectively still export coal to the EU for 90 days after sanctions were imposed, according to a document seen by Reuters.

But that period has been extended to four months, the sources who are familiar with the discussions told Reuters on condition of anonymity.

That followed pressure mostly from Germany, the EU's main importer of Russian coal.

With sanctions expected to take effect later this week, or early next, after publication in the EU official journal, Russian companies will effectively be able to export coal to the EU until mid-August under existing contracts.

Diplomats had held two meetings on Thursday to sort out other technical issues, including the enforcement of an entry ban for Russian vessels at EU ports, which has caused concerns mostly in countries with big shipping sectors, such as Cyprus, sources said. However, approval of the whole package was not in doubt read more .

SHORT-TERM CONTRACTS

One diplomat said most coal contracts were short term, and a wind-down period of 90 days would have allowed most of them to be concluded without the need for cancellation, avoiding legal risks.

Some contracts however last longer than one year.

Much of Europe's buying of Russian coal is in the spot market, rather than long-term contracts. Those spot purchases would be halted immediately after sanctions are imposed.

Despite being slightly watered down from the initial proposal, the EU's planned ban on Russian coal is more ambitious than Britain's, which has said it planned to ban coal imports from Russia by the end of the year.

The EU Commission has estimated the coal ban could cost Russia 4 billion euros ($4.36 billion) a year in lost revenue.
The Commission declined to comment.

The EU ban is expected to boost global imports of non-Russian coal, with prices potentially going up, although non-EU importers may benefit from lower prices for Russian coal.

($1=0.9179 euros)


https://www.reuters.com/business/en...-be-pushed-back-mid-august-source-2022-04-07/

 

[Vaggos]

Greece speeds up gas exploration to help reduce Russia reliance​

ATHENS, April 12 (Reuters) - Greece will speed up gas exploration as it looks to cut its reliance on Russian energy, aiming at its first test drilling in more than two decades by the end of 2023, the prime minister said on Tuesday.

Russia's invasion of Ukraine and fears over gas supply in Europe have exacerbated a jump in prices, forcing the European Union to seek ways to reduce its use of Russian gas by two-thirds this year and completely phase it out by 2027.

Greece, which covers about 40% of its annual energy needs with Russian gas, and views gas as a transition fuel as it ramps up renewables, has produced small quantities of oil in the past and has attempted to explore its hydrocarbon potential.

But low crude prices in previous years, a shift to green energy, and a lack of political will have stalled its exploration plans.

Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis said the country aspires to become a gas producer and a hub for the storage and transfer of gas to the rest of Europe. "Accelerating the exploitation of the country's national energy resources will allow us, if we are lucky and we have exploitable natural gas fields, to boost our energy independence, our energy security," Mitsotakis said.

This shift in Greece's strategy will not undermine its plan to boost green energy and cut carbon emissions by 55% by 2030 in line with EU's climate change targets, he added during a meeting with the country's hydrocarbons commission and energy industry executives.

"It is simply an alternative path towards the same target," he said, adding that early indications of potential gas reserves made the government optimistic. Greece aims to have a clear idea of its gas reserves potential by the end of 2023.

Energean (ENOG.L), the sole oil producer in Greece so far, will carry out a test drilling at an onshore block in the west of the country, the first such drilling in the country in 22 years, its chief executive Mathios Rigas said. Greece wants to conclude a first round of seismic surveys to identify any gas fields it could tap in one onshore and five offshore areas in western Greece and off the island of Crete by March 2023, according to a presentation by its hydrocarbons commission.

Hellenic Petroleum (HEPr.AT) owns exploration licences for five of the six prospective blocks, including for two blocks west and southwest of Crete jointly with TotalEnergies (TTEF.PA) and Exxon Mobil (XOM.N).

The government will notify Energean and other energy companies that hold exploration licences in those areas of its intention to speed up relevant procedures, the energy minister said during the same meeting.

Greece speeds up gas exploration to help reduce Russia reliance

Greece will speed up gas exploration as it looks to cut its reliance on Russian energy, aiming at its first test drilling in more than two decades by the end of 2023, the prime minister said on Tuesday.

www.reuters.com

 

[Blackbeardsgoldfish]

Europe turns to Nigeria to fill the gap in gas supply​

By Rédaction Africanews
Last updated: 20 hours ago

NIGERIA​

On Monday, the EU Ambassador to Nigeria, Samuela Isopi, together with France, Italy, Portugal and Spain’s ambassador met with the management of the Nigerian National Petroleum Company (NNPC).

The European Union is courting its first African liquified natural gas supplier. EU Ambassador to Nigeria, Samuela Isopi, together with France, Italy, Portugal and Spain’s ambassadors visited Monday the headquarters of the NNPC and met with the company's management. The visit came as Europe tries to reduce its reliance on Russian gas. After the United States and Qatar, Russia was in 2021, Europe's third liquified natural gas supplier.

The European envoys to Nigeria therefore sought to strengthen their cooperation in the energy sector with Africa's top economy.

According to a statement by the NNPC spokesperson, the group managing director assured the European delegation that the company would continue to deepen its relationship with EU companies in Nigeria. He added the company would work particularly towards increasing gas supply to the global market.

The same day, Italy secured a deal with Algeria for more natural gas imports.

Since the conflict between Russia and Ukraine broke out in February, Europe has turned towards different African partners to reduce dependence on Russian energy.

Nigeria and Algeria are the biggest African liquified natural gas suppliers to the Old continent.

https://www.africanews.com/2022/04/12/europe-turns-to-nigeria-to-fill-the-gap-in-gas-supply/

 

[Blackbeardsgoldfish]

European Energy in Numbers

To give an overview of the total european energy consumption, I've decided to compile a bit of data. Figures are primarily taken from the BP Statistical Review for 2021, however I'll also be including from other sources such as Eurostat Energy Overview and various news articles. The data is mostly for 2020, if not explicitly stated otherwise.

This is part One of Two, detailing Coal, Oil and Gas. In part Two, I will go into more detail about nuclear energy, hydropower and renewable energy.

COAL
Proven reserves in Million tonnes:
° Denotes data taken from the BP stat review and gives figures for 2020.
* Denotes data taken from The Global Economy coal reserves ranking and gives figures for 2017. Amount was also given in short tonnes, so I did a crude conversion into metric tonnes.
^ Denotes data taken from Britannica - France Resources and Power

Bulgaria°	2366	Türkiye°	11525
Czech Rep.°	3595	Ukraine°	34375
Germany°	35900	UK°	26
Greece°	2876	Albania*	521
Hungary°	2909	Bosnia & Herzegovina*	2263
Poland°	28395	Netherlands*	496
Romania°	291	Slovenia*	370
Serbia°	7514	North Macedonia*	331
Spain°	1187	Portugal*	35
Slovakia*	134	Ireland*	13
Montenegro*	141	Italy*	9
Norway*	0.9	Sweden*	0.9
France^	140

I am very much doubtful if the data for IT, SWE, NOR and UK is accurate, but I couldn't find many other sources to look it up.

Coal Production:
Data here is taken from the BP stat review and was originally given in Exajoules. However, I've decided to convert it to Tonnes, so figures here are displayed in Tonnes.

Bulgaria	5459334	Spain	2729667
Czech Rep.	14671962	Türkiye	20472505
Germany	33438425	Ukraine	18425254
Greece	3753292	UK	1706042
Hungary	1364833	Other Europe	15695587
Poland	57323015
Romania	3753292
Serbia	9895044

In total, Europe in 2020 produced some 5.53EJ of Coal, or 188.688.258 metric tons of coal equivalent. This is down from 6.48EJ in 2019 and 9.60EJ in 2010.

Europe imported a total of 3.90EJ or 133.071.285 metric tons of coal, while exporting 0.22EJ or 7.506.585 metric tons.

COAL IN EUROPE 2020 - Lignite production, Hard coal production & Imports
View attachment 42585

Coal Consumption

Data here is taken from the BP stat review and was originally given in EJ, but I've again converted it into metric tons.

Austria	3070875	Portugal	682416
Belgium	3753292	Romania	5118126
Czech Rep.	16719212	Spain	2388458
Finland	4435709	Sweden	2388458
France	6482960	Switzerland	Coal Free since 2015
Germany	62782349	Turkey	56640598
Greece	3753292	Ukraine	33438425
Hungary	2388458	United Kingdom	6482960
Italy	7165376
Netherlands	6141751
Norway	1023625
Poland	56981806

The three top consumers are Germany with 1.84EJ, Poland with 1.67EJ and Türkiye with 1.66EJ of coal consumed in 2020. Top three countries with least consumption are Switzerland with being coal free, Portugal with 0.02EJ and Norway with 0.03EJ of coal consumed in 2020.

This list is fairly incomplete and doesn't include a couple of countries like the Baltics or various Balkan nations, especially Bulgaria which was listed in the reserves and production figures so I don't know what's up with that. Data here is generally lacking, and I'll potentially redo it in the future.

OIL
Proven reserves in billion barrels:
°Denotes data taken from the BP Statistical review and gives figures for 2020
*Denotes data taken from The Global Economy Oil Reserves Europe and gives figures for 2021

Denmark°	0.4	Spain*	0.15
Italy°	0.6	Netherlands*	0.14
Norway°	7.9	Germany*	0.12
Romania°	0.6	Poland*	0.11
UK °	2.5	Serbia*	0.08
Ukraine*	0.40	Croatia*	0.07
Türkiye*	0.37	France*	0.06
Belarus*	0.20	Austria *	0.04
Albania*	0.15	Bulgaria*	0.02
Hungary *	0.01	Czech Rep.*	0.02
Lithuania*	0.01	Greece*	0.01

Just BP review gives the total proven european oil reserves in 2020 at 13.6Bil barrels, which really goes to show just how poor Europe is in natural oil reserves. Compare this to other nations in the neighbourhood, such as Kazakhstan, which holds approximately 30Bil barrels, more than double of Europe, or Azerbaijan at 7Bil barrels, which is a bit more than half of Europe.

Oil Production in thousands of barrels/day:
°Denotes data taken from the BP stat review, figures for 2020
*Denotes data taken from Trading economics european crude oil production, figures for December 2021

Denmark°	72	Germany*	34
Italy°	112	Netherlands*	33
Norway°	2001	Belarus*	33
Romania°	72	Ukraine*	33
UK°	1029	Hungary*	19
Türkiye*	67	Albania*	16
Serbia*	15	Croatia*	11
Czech Rep.*	1.7	Austria*	10
Bulgaria*	1	Lithuania*	0.7

The BP review gives the total daily production in Europe at 3579thousand barrels/day in 2020. This is comparable to the daily production of the UAE, which sat at approximately 3657 thousand barrels/day.

Oil consumption in thousands of barrels/day:
All data has been taken from the BP review.

Austria	230	Norway	206
Belgium	476	Poland	637
Czech Rep.	182	Portugal	202
Finland	178	Romania	216
France	1305	Spain	1050
Germany	2045	Sweden	260
Greece	244	Switzerland	179
Hungary	164	Turkey	903
Italy	1054	Ukraine	232
Netherlands	746	UK	1192

European countries not listed here consumed 1085 thousand barrels/day. The total daily consumption of oil in Europe in 2020 amounted to approximately 12788 thousand barrels/day. On a continent to continent comparison, Europe is third after Asia-Pacific, which consumed 33834 thousand barrels/day, and North America, which consumed 20772 thousand barrels/day.

Eurostat gives the consumption in Millions of tonnes in 2020 as such:
View attachment 42592

Consumption of oil by product group in thousands of barrels/day:
Data has been taken from the BP stat review.
°Denotes data for total Europe
*Denotes data for European Union

Ethane + LPG	1131°/ 720*
Naphtha	812°/ 742*
Gasoline	1768°/ 1377*
Jet/Kerosene	737°/ 463*
Diesel/Gasoil	6077°/ 4673*
Fuel oil	661°/ 568*
Others	1602°/ 1230*

NATURAL GAS
Proven reserves in Trillion m³:
All figures have been taken from the BP stat review

Netherlands	0.1
Norway	1.4
Poland	0.1
Romania	0.1
Ukraine	1.1
United Kingdom	0.2

Production figures in Billion m³:
All figures have been taken from the BP stat review

Denmark	1.4
Germany	4.5
Italy	3.9
Netherlands	20.0
Norway	111.5
Poland	3.9
Romania	8.7
Ukraine	19.0
UK	39.5
Other Europe	6.3

Europe in total produced 218.6Bil m³ of gas in 2020, down from 235.2Bil m³ in 2019 and 310.1Bil m³ in 2010.

Consumption of natural gas in Billion m³:
All figures have been taken from the BP review

Austria	8.5	Norway	4.4
Belgium	17.0	Poland	21.6
Czech Rep.	8.5	Portugal	6.0
Finland	2.0	Romania	11.3
France	40.7	Spain	32.4
Germany	86.5	Sweden	1.1
Greece	5.7	Switzerland	3.2
Hungary	10.2	Turkey	46.4
Italy	67.7	Ukraine	29.3
Netherlands	36.6	UK	72.5

European countries not listed here consumed an additional 29.6Bil m³ of gas in 2020. Europe in total consumed 541.1Bil m³ of gas in 2020.

Import and Export of Gas:

In terms of import and export, Europe imported some 326.1Bil m³ of gas, of which 211.3Bil m³ were pipeline imports, with another 114.8Bil m³ being LNG. Exports also occurred, though those were vastly smaller, sitting at 5.6Bil m³ getting exported as LNG, with none via Pipeline.

LNG imports in Billion m³ of European countries in 2020:
All figures have been taken from the BP stat review

Belgium	5.1
France	19.6
Italy	12.1
Spain	20.9
Türkiye	14.8
UK	18.6
Other EU	23.7
Other Europe	0.1

Pipeline imports of natural gas in Billion m³
Figures have been taken from the BP stat review
Importers are displayed vertically, Exporters are displayed horizontally

	Netherlands	Norway	Other Europe	Azerbaijan	Russia	Iran	Algeria	Libya
Belgium	8.4	7.5	1.7
France	3.8	17.6	1.7		2.6
Germany	13.0	31.2	1.6		56.3
Italy	1.6	5.4	8.4		19.7		11.5	4.2
Netherlands		20.0	7.2		11.2
Spain		1.2	2.1				9.1
Türkiye				11.1	15.6	5.1
Ukraine			14.7
UK	1.6	23.7	0.3		4.7
Other EU		0.3	56.7		55.2		0.4
Other Euro	0.3		6.3	2.2	2.5

I've already done one such compilation for gas over at the German Economy, Industry & Energy thread, if you want more info on a few things, you should have a look at that.

For a macro-overview of the gas market, have a look at The ACER gas market monitoring report.

From the ACER gas fact sheet:
Gas represents 21.5% of EU’s primary energy consumption. It is the dominant source of energy for households (32.1%).
Around 40% of households are connected to the gas network. On average, they spend EUR 700 on gas, 2.5% of their average income (EUR 27,911). However, this conceals considerable differences among Member States.
The average final household price for kWh of energy from gas is 6.5 cents/kWh, three times lower than from electricity (21.6 cents/kWh).
The EU-27 plus UK gas supply bill ranges from EUR 75-100 bn per year, depending on the wholesale sourcing price levels. At retail level, the final expenditure on gas accounts for approx. EUR 200 bn per annum.
The EU imports 80% of its total gas needs. Domestic production has halved in the last 10 years.
The residential sector accounts for most EU gas demand (40%), followed by industry and gas use for power generation. Industry consumption has declined by 20% since 2000, whereas in the same period gas use for power generation has risen by 15%. These trends are due to the EU’s economic transition from industry to energy services and structural changes in the energy-intensive industry.

 

[Bogeyman]

Britain's first new coal mine in decades on the verge of approval​

Michael Gove is on the cusp of approving Britain's first coal mine in decades as the Cabinet rallies behind a proposal to wean the country off Russian imports.

The Housing Secretary is understood to be supportive of plans to open a Cumbrian colliery which will provide vital supplies for steel plants, senior Conservative party sources believe. Mr Gove's decision will now hinge on recommendations that have been handed to him by the Planning Inspectorate.

A source said: “I don’t know for certain, but I get the impression he [Mr Gove] is going to approve it.”

Woodhouse Colliery, the UK’s first deep coal mine in 30 years, was given the go-ahead by local councillors in October 2020, but ministers launched an inquiry six months later after opposition from activists ahead of the Cop26 climate change conference.

Boris Johnson said in November at the summit in Glasgow that he was “not in favour of more coal” but stopped short of outright opposition. Downing Street sources insist that the decision is for planning ministers alone.

Nevertheless, Whitehall sources said that the Russian invasion of Ukraine has unified the Cabinet in favour of the plans.

The mine will produce coking coal, an essential ingredient in steelmaking that will not be burned at power plants. Britain imported 40pc of its coking coal from Russia before the invasion of Ukraine.


Mr Gove has until July 7 to make his final decision, but Whitehall sources said that it could come much earlier - potentially as soon as mid-May.

Tata Steel and Chinese-owned British Steel have stopped importing Russian coking coal in the meantime. Both companies have found alternative supplies from mines in Wales, the US and Canada, Government sources said.

Bosses at West Cumbria Mining, the site's owner, are believed to have been buoyed by feedback from the planning inquiry.

An industry expert with knowledge of the project said: “It is clear the world has changed. Ukraine has reminded us that energy and commodity security is a primary duty of any state.

“If the answer is more renewable energy, you simply can’t build renewable energy power plants – solar, tidal, hydro or wind – or nuclear, without steel. Without metallurgical coal, you can’t make steel. And you don’t want to be importing it from halfway around the world or Russia.”

Despite significant government support for giving the mine the go-ahead, Mr Gove will be aware that his decision is likely to be subject to a legal challenge.

To go against the recommendation of the Planning Inspectorate could weaken the Government’s position were it to go to the High Court, sparking further embarrassment for ministers.

Earlier this month, judges quashed plans to build a Holocaust memorial outside Parliament – plans that had been subject to a planning inquiry and signed off by the then planning minister Chris Pincher.

The housing department has been more interventionist under Mr Gove than his predecessors.

Last week, it blocked plans to demolish and rebuild Marks & Spencer’s flagship Oxford Street store in London, saying that Mr Gove needed time to consider whether an inquiry should be launched.

Mr Gove also sprung a surprise by blocking the building of Foster and Partners’ controversial Tulip tower in the City of London in November. Sources close to the deal said Mr Gove ultimately disagreed with the positive assessment by his predecessor Robert Jenrick.

West Cumbria Mining declined to comment.

Earlier this month, a spokesman said: “We look forward to a decision where the Government supports our project to build the world’s first net-zero mine to supply a new domestic source of metallurgical coal for Britain and Europe’s steelmakers.”

Britain's first new coal mine in decades on the verge of approval

Michael Gove supportive of proposals for colliery in Cumbria, senior Tory sources say

www.telegraph.co.uk

 

[Bogeyman]

https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1518982389762039810

 

[Blackbeardsgoldfish]

https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1518982389762039810

Reports of Russia cutting off Poland gas supplies spike European gas prices​

• TTF prices up 12%

Adam Button
Tuesday, 26/04/2022 | 17:19 GMT+2

I was initially cautious of this report because it's regarding the Yamal pipeline and there have been numerous false reports of Russia cutting it off. Some of that is simply differences in timing and flows.

The report originates from Poland and basically says that gas just stopped flowing and that there was no explanation or warning from Russia.

In any case, TTF benchmark gas prices have jumped to 104 from 92 since the report.

The thing is, you can't cut off Poland without cutting off Germany as well. Friday was the Russian-imposed deadline for paying for gas in ruble

https://www.forexlive.com/news/repo...-supplies-spike-european-gas-prices-20220426/

 

[Bogeyman]

https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1519044865119686657

 

[Bogeyman]

https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1519246781762183168

 

[Bogeyman]

https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1519362418283102208

 

[Bogeyman]

https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1520096015059144704

 

[Oublious]

Does Azerbadjan sell more gas to Europe? This is golden oppernity.

 

[Turan]

Does Azerbadjan sell more gas to Europe? This is golden oppernity.

Azerbaijan has the opportunity to send more natural gas to Europe
Ruslan Rehimov |
17.02.2022
Azerbaijan has the opportunity to send more natural gas to Europe

Baku

Azerbaijan's Deputy Minister of Energy, Elnur Soltanov, stated that his country has enough natural gas reserves and that they can send more natural gas to Europe, "But two people make the tango. Unlike oil, the processing of the deposits cannot be started without a buyer in natural gas. A large volume gas supply increase is promised. If the issue is here, buyers should be determined and agreements should be signed. said.

Soltanov evaluated the energy crisis in the world and Europe's greater natural gas demand from Azerbaijan to AA correspondent.

Stating that it is very difficult to balance demand and offer without a strategic approach in the field of oil and natural gas, it takes 6 to 7 years to start operating a natural gas field, and significant investments are required for the maintenance of existing deposits, Soltanov said that the steps to be taken in this area require strategic calculations. He said the 19 outbreak surprised these calculations and created uncertainty.

Soltanov stated that serious steps have been taken in the direction of green energy in the world, and that even though natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuel, there are hesitations in the use of such fuels due to global warming, and that these hesitations create difficulties both for banks to provide loans, to provide certain concessions to strategic projects and to process fossil beds, and the work is more expensive. noted that it did.

Stating that the cold weather in Europe and the tension between Russia and Ukraine are among the reasons for the energy crisis in the world, Soltanov reminded that this situation was felt more in Europe and that there was a serious increase in natural gas prices.

Soltanov stated that the officials who attended the Eighth Advisory Board Meeting of the Southern Gas Corridor held in Baku on February 4 brought the energy crisis to the agenda and that Azerbaijan's contributions to overcoming the crisis came to the fore.

Stating that Azerbaijan is not one of the biggest suppliers of Europe with 10 billion cubic meters, Soltanov said that this natural gas is supplied both from a new source and through a new route, and emphasized that there is a large enough amount on the basis of these countries, considering the demands of countries such as Greece and Bulgaria, where the pipeline passes.

Soltanov noted that the third phase of the Shah Deniz deposit can be developed, the Absheron deposit has enough reserves, and the Şafak Asiman and Ümit and Babek basins are large enough deposits, and said:

"Azerbaijan can send more natural gas to Europe. But two people do the tango. Unlike oil, it is difficult to process the deposits without a buyer in natural gas. If there is a large volume of gas supply increase, buyers must be determined and agreements must be signed. It is discussed.

Azerbaijan's potential is high enough. Within the framework of serious dialogue and responsibility sharing, we can meet the energy needs of our European partners at a higher level by developing existing pipelines."

Azerbaycan Avrupa'ya daha fazla doğal gaz gönderme imkanına sahip

- Anadolu Ajansı

www.aa.com.tr

 

[Blackbeardsgoldfish]

European Energy in Numbers

European Energy in Numbers

To give an overview of the total european energy consumption, I've decided to compile a bit of data. Figures are primarily taken from the BP Statistical Review for 2021, however I'll also be including from other sources such as Eurostat Energy Overview and various news articles. The data is mostly for 2020, if not explicitly stated otherwise.

This is part One of Two, detailing Coal, Oil and Gas. In part Two, I will go into more detail about nuclear energy, hydropower and renewable energy.

COAL
Proven reserves in Million tonnes:
° Denotes data taken from the BP stat review and gives figures for 2020.
* Denotes data taken from The Global Economy coal reserves ranking and gives figures for 2017. Amount was also given in short tonnes, so I did a crude conversion into metric tonnes.
^ Denotes data taken from Britannica - France Resources and Power

Bulgaria°	2366	Türkiye°	11525
Czech Rep.°	3595	Ukraine°	34375
Germany°	35900	UK°	26
Greece°	2876	Albania*	521
Hungary°	2909	Bosnia & Herzegovina*	2263
Poland°	28395	Netherlands*	496
Romania°	291	Slovenia*	370
Serbia°	7514	North Macedonia*	331
Spain°	1187	Portugal*	35
Slovakia*	134	Ireland*	13
Montenegro*	141	Italy*	9
Norway*	0.9	Sweden*	0.9
France^	140

I am very much doubtful if the data for IT, SWE, NOR and UK is accurate, but I couldn't find many other sources to look it up.

Coal Production:
Data here is taken from the BP stat review and was originally given in Exajoules. However, I've decided to convert it to Tonnes, so figures here are displayed in Tonnes.

Bulgaria	5459334	Spain	2729667
Czech Rep.	14671962	Türkiye	20472505
Germany	33438425	Ukraine	18425254
Greece	3753292	UK	1706042
Hungary	1364833	Other Europe	15695587
Poland	57323015
Romania	3753292
Serbia	9895044

In total, Europe in 2020 produced some 5.53EJ of Coal, or 188.688.258 metric tons of coal equivalent. This is down from 6.48EJ in 2019 and 9.60EJ in 2010.

Europe imported a total of 3.90EJ or 133.071.285 metric tons of coal, while exporting 0.22EJ or 7.506.585 metric tons.

COAL IN EUROPE 2020 - Lignite production, Hard coal production & Imports
View attachment 42585

Coal Consumption

Data here is taken from the BP stat review and was originally given in EJ, but I've again converted it into metric tons.

Austria	3070875	Portugal	682416
Belgium	3753292	Romania	5118126
Czech Rep.	16719212	Spain	2388458
Finland	4435709	Sweden	2388458
France	6482960	Switzerland	Coal Free since 2015
Germany	62782349	Turkey	56640598
Greece	3753292	Ukraine	33438425
Hungary	2388458	United Kingdom	6482960
Italy	7165376
Netherlands	6141751
Norway	1023625
Poland	56981806

The three top consumers are Germany with 1.84EJ, Poland with 1.67EJ and Türkiye with 1.66EJ of coal consumed in 2020. Top three countries with least consumption are Switzerland with being coal free, Portugal with 0.02EJ and Norway with 0.03EJ of coal consumed in 2020.

This list is fairly incomplete and doesn't include a couple of countries like the Baltics or various Balkan nations, especially Bulgaria which was listed in the reserves and production figures so I don't know what's up with that. Data here is generally lacking, and I'll potentially redo it in the future.

OIL
Proven reserves in billion barrels:
°Denotes data taken from the BP Statistical review and gives figures for 2020
*Denotes data taken from The Global Economy Oil Reserves Europe and gives figures for 2021

Denmark°	0.4	Spain*	0.15
Italy°	0.6	Netherlands*	0.14
Norway°	7.9	Germany*	0.12
Romania°	0.6	Poland*	0.11
UK °	2.5	Serbia*	0.08
Ukraine*	0.40	Croatia*	0.07
Türkiye*	0.37	France*	0.06
Belarus*	0.20	Austria *	0.04
Albania*	0.15	Bulgaria*	0.02
Hungary *	0.01	Czech Rep.*	0.02
Lithuania*	0.01	Greece*	0.01

Just BP review gives the total proven european oil reserves in 2020 at 13.6Bil barrels, which really goes to show just how poor Europe is in natural oil reserves. Compare this to other nations in the neighbourhood, such as Kazakhstan, which holds approximately 30Bil barrels, more than double of Europe, or Azerbaijan at 7Bil barrels, which is a bit more than half of Europe.

Oil Production in thousands of barrels/day:
°Denotes data taken from the BP stat review, figures for 2020
*Denotes data taken from Trading economics european crude oil production, figures for December 2021

Denmark°	72	Germany*	34
Italy°	112	Netherlands*	33
Norway°	2001	Belarus*	33
Romania°	72	Ukraine*	33
UK°	1029	Hungary*	19
Türkiye*	67	Albania*	16
Serbia*	15	Croatia*	11
Czech Rep.*	1.7	Austria*	10
Bulgaria*	1	Lithuania*	0.7

The BP review gives the total daily production in Europe at 3579thousand barrels/day in 2020. This is comparable to the daily production of the UAE, which sat at approximately 3657 thousand barrels/day.

Oil consumption in thousands of barrels/day:
All data has been taken from the BP review.

Austria	230	Norway	206
Belgium	476	Poland	637
Czech Rep.	182	Portugal	202
Finland	178	Romania	216
France	1305	Spain	1050
Germany	2045	Sweden	260
Greece	244	Switzerland	179
Hungary	164	Turkey	903
Italy	1054	Ukraine	232
Netherlands	746	UK	1192

European countries not listed here consumed 1085 thousand barrels/day. The total daily consumption of oil in Europe in 2020 amounted to approximately 12788 thousand barrels/day. On a continent to continent comparison, Europe is third after Asia-Pacific, which consumed 33834 thousand barrels/day, and North America, which consumed 20772 thousand barrels/day.

Eurostat gives the consumption in Millions of tonnes in 2020 as such:
View attachment 42592

Consumption of oil by product group in thousands of barrels/day:
Data has been taken from the BP stat review.
°Denotes data for total Europe
*Denotes data for European Union

Ethane + LPG	1131°/ 720*
Naphtha	812°/ 742*
Gasoline	1768°/ 1377*
Jet/Kerosene	737°/ 463*
Diesel/Gasoil	6077°/ 4673*
Fuel oil	661°/ 568*
Others	1602°/ 1230*

NATURAL GAS
Proven reserves in Trillion m³:
All figures have been taken from the BP stat review

Netherlands	0.1
Norway	1.4
Poland	0.1
Romania	0.1
Ukraine	1.1
United Kingdom	0.2

Production figures in Billion m³:
All figures have been taken from the BP stat review

Denmark	1.4
Germany	4.5
Italy	3.9
Netherlands	20.0
Norway	111.5
Poland	3.9
Romania	8.7
Ukraine	19.0
UK	39.5
Other Europe	6.3

Europe in total produced 218.6Bil m³ of gas in 2020, down from 235.2Bil m³ in 2019 and 310.1Bil m³ in 2010.

Consumption of natural gas in Billion m³:
All figures have been taken from the BP review

Austria	8.5	Norway	4.4
Belgium	17.0	Poland	21.6
Czech Rep.	8.5	Portugal	6.0
Finland	2.0	Romania	11.3
France	40.7	Spain	32.4
Germany	86.5	Sweden	1.1
Greece	5.7	Switzerland	3.2
Hungary	10.2	Turkey	46.4
Italy	67.7	Ukraine	29.3
Netherlands	36.6	UK	72.5

European countries not listed here consumed an additional 29.6Bil m³ of gas in 2020. Europe in total consumed 541.1Bil m³ of gas in 2020.

Import and Export of Gas:

In terms of import and export, Europe imported some 326.1Bil m³ of gas, of which 211.3Bil m³ were pipeline imports, with another 114.8Bil m³ being LNG. Exports also occurred, though those were vastly smaller, sitting at 5.6Bil m³ getting exported as LNG, with none via Pipeline.

LNG imports in Billion m³ of European countries in 2020:
All figures have been taken from the BP stat review

Belgium	5.1
France	19.6
Italy	12.1
Spain	20.9
Türkiye	14.8
UK	18.6
Other EU	23.7
Other Europe	0.1

Pipeline imports of natural gas in Billion m³
Figures have been taken from the BP stat review
Importers are displayed vertically, Exporters are displayed horizontally

	Netherlands	Norway	Other Europe	Azerbaijan	Russia	Iran	Algeria	Libya
Belgium	8.4	7.5	1.7
France	3.8	17.6	1.7		2.6
Germany	13.0	31.2	1.6		56.3
Italy	1.6	5.4	8.4		19.7		11.5	4.2
Netherlands		20.0	7.2		11.2
Spain		1.2	2.1				9.1
Türkiye				11.1	15.6	5.1
Ukraine			14.7
UK	1.6	23.7	0.3		4.7
Other EU		0.3	56.7		55.2		0.4
Other Euro	0.3		6.3	2.2	2.5

I've already done one such compilation for gas over at the German Economy, Industry & Energy thread, if you want more info on a few things, you should have a look at that.

For a macro-overview of the gas market, have a look at The ACER gas market monitoring report.

From the ACER gas fact sheet:
Gas represents 21.5% of EU’s primary energy consumption. It is the dominant source of energy for households (32.1%).
Around 40% of households are connected to the gas network. On average, they spend EUR 700 on gas, 2.5% of their average income (EUR 27,911). However, this conceals considerable differences among Member States.
The average final household price for kWh of energy from gas is 6.5 cents/kWh, three times lower than from electricity (21.6 cents/kWh).
The EU-27 plus UK gas supply bill ranges from EUR 75-100 bn per year, depending on the wholesale sourcing price levels. At retail level, the final expenditure on gas accounts for approx. EUR 200 bn per annum.
The EU imports 80% of its total gas needs. Domestic production has halved in the last 10 years.
The residential sector accounts for most EU gas demand (40%), followed by industry and gas use for power generation. Industry consumption has declined by 20% since 2000, whereas in the same period gas use for power generation has risen by 15%. These trends are due to the EU’s economic transition from industry to energy services and structural changes in the energy-intensive industry.

This is part 2 and the continuation of my previous post regarding european energy, which admittedly comes a bit late, but better late than never. Was a bit of work searching and scouring for these figures, and then typing it all out, but I can say that I learned a few things while doing so, and I consider it to be time well spent.

Nuclear Energy
Consumption of Nuclear Energy in Exajoules.
Figures have been taken from the BP stat review and give data for 2020.

Belgium	0.31	Switzerland	0.20
Czech Rep.	0.27	Ukraine	0.68
Finland	0.21	UK	0.45
France	3.14	Other Europe	0.34
Germany	0.57
Hungary	0.14
Netherlands	0.04
Romania	0.10
Spain	0.52
Sweden	0.48

In total, Europe consumed some 7.44 Exajoules of Nuclear Energy in 2020. In comparison, the US consumed some 7.39 Exajoules, China some 3.25 Exajoules and Russia some 1.92 Exajoules, all figures for 2020. France alone consumes nearly as much as China and nearly double that of Russia, which admittedly surprised me quite a bit.
Countries that did not consume any nuclear energy were Austria, Greece, Italy, Norway, Poland, Portugal and Turkey. This however should be taken with a grain of salt, Austria for example consumes around 11% of its electricity via nuclear energy, according to this report. Other countries are also building nuclear plants, Turkey for example is constructing one in Akkuyu that is expected to provide 10% of the electricity consumption, though that one will go online around mid 2023.

Hydroelectricity
Consumption of Hydropower in Exajoules.
Majority of figures have been taken from the BP stat review and give data for 2020.

Austria	0.36	Norway	1.25
Belgium	0	Poland	0.02
Czech Rep.	0.02	Portugal	0.11
Finland	0.14	Romania	0.13
France	0.54	Spain	0.24
Germany	0.17	Sweden	0.65
Greece	0.03	Switzerland	0.33
Hungary	0	Turkey	0.69
Italy	0.41	Ukraine	0.06
Netherlands	0	UK	0.06

The rest of Europe consumed some 0.59 Exajoules of hydropower, and the total consumption is amounts to some 5.82 Exajoules of Hydroelectricity. In comparison, the USA consumed some 2.56 Exajoules of hydropower, China some 11.74 Exajoules, India consumed around 1.45 Exajoules and Russia some 1.89 Exajoules, Brazil also being worthy a mention, having consumed some 3.52 Exajoules. Interestingly enough has Brazil consumed more Hydropower than the US and China more than double that of Europe.

Renewable Energy
Generation of renewable energy in TWh
All figures have been taken from the BP stat review

Austria	13.6	Norway	10.3
Belgium	23.5	Poland	25.6
Czech Rep.	8.0	Portugal	18.1
Finland	19.5	Romania	9.2
France	64.3	Spain	80.5
Germany	232.4	Sweden	40.1
Greece	14.6	Switzerland	4.7
Hungary	5.1	Turkey	49.8
Italy	70.3	Ukraine	9.7
Netherlands	32.0	UK	127.8

European countries not mentioned here produced some 61.7TWh of electricity, and Europe in total produced around 921TWh of electricity via renewable energy sources. This has seen an immense increase from 2010, where production hovered around 313.6TWh. In contrast, the US produced some 551.7TWh of renewable energy in 2020, Brazil 120.3TWh, Russia a pitiful 3.7TWh, China an enormous 863.1TWh and India 151.2TWh.


2020 generation of renewable energy by source, in TWh
All figures have been taken from the BP stat review

COUNTRY	WIND	SOLAR	OTHER RENEWABLES	TOTAL 2020
Austria	6.8	1.6	5.3	13.6
Belgium	13.0	5.1	5.3	23.5
Czech Rep.	0.7	2.2	5.1	8.0
Finland	8.1	0.3	11.2	19.5
France	40.6	13.1	10.6	64.3
Germany	131.0	50.6	50.8	232.4
Greece	9.3	4.9	0.4	14.6
Hungary	0.6	2.4	2.1	5.1
Italy	18.7	26.0	25.7	70.3

COUNTRY	WIND	SOLAR	OTHER RENEWABLES	TOTAL 2020
Netherlands	15.3	8.1	8.7	32.0
Norway	9.9	0.1	0.3	10.3
Poland	15.7	2.0	7.9	25.6
Portugal	12.4	1.7	4.0	18.1
Romania	7.0	1.7	0.6	9.2
Spain	53.2	20.8	6.5	80.5
Sweden	28.1	1.1	11.0	40.1
Switzerland	0.2	2.6	1.9	4.7
Turkey	24.8	10.8	14.2	49.8
Ukraine	3.2	6.2	0.4	9.7
UK	75.6	12.8	39.4	127.8

European countries not mentioned produced some further 2.4TWh of energy in 2020.

Consumption of Renewable Energy
The 2020 consumption of renewable energy in Europe, in Exajoules
All figures have been taken from the BP stat review

Austria	0.14	Portugal	0.17
Belgium	0.23	Romania	0.10
Czech Rep.	0.09	Spain	0.77
Finland	0.19	Sweden	0.41
France	0.68	Switzerland	0.05
Germany	2.21	Turkey	0.45
Greece	0.14	Ukraine	0.09
Hungary	0.06	UK	1.20
Italy	0.67
Netherlands	0.33
Norway	0.11
Poland	0.27

Unmentioned european countries consumed some further 0.60 Exajoules of energy, and Europe in total consumed some 8.94 Exajoules. In comparison, the USA consumed 6.15 Exajoules, Brazil 2.01 Exajoules, Russia 0.04 Exajoules(less than Ecuador), China 7.79 Exajoules and India some 1.43 Exajoules.

Electricity

2020 total electricity generation in TWh, regardless of source.
All figures have been taken from the BP stat review

Austria	71.7	Norway	154.5
Belgium	90.4	Poland	157.8
Czech Rep.	81.4	Portugal	54.1
Finland	68.8	Romania	56.2
France	524.9	Spain	255.8
Germany	571.9	Sweden	169.2
Greece	42.6	Switzerland	70.4
Hungary	34.6	Turkey	305.4
Italy	282.7	Ukraine	149.0
Netherlands	122.4	UK	312.9

Unmentioned european countries produced a further 294.7TWh of electricity in 2020, and Europe in total produced some 3871.3TWh. This stands in comparison to the US, which produced some 4286.6TWh, Russia, which produced some 1085.4TWh, China, which produced some 7779.1TWh and India, which produced some 1560.9TWh. Total electricity generation has gone back a bit since 2010, when Europe produced some 4065TWh of electricity. China has also seen an immense growth, going from 4207.2TWh in 2010 to the aforementioned 7779.1TWh in 2020.

 

[Bogeyman]

https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1526568564777418753

 

[Blackbeardsgoldfish]

https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1527160381650632704

 

[Bogeyman]

European recession likely if Russia suddenly halts gas supply: Fitch​

An economic recession in the euro area is likely if there is a sudden halt in Russia's natural gas supplies to the bloc, Fitch Ratings warned Thursday.

"Exposures are so large that an immediate and total cessation of Russian natural gas supplies would result in gas shortages and rationing, causing a major macroeconomic shock," the rating agency said in a statement.

While 38% of the EU's gas imports come from Russia, Fitch said it estimates 60% of domestic gas use in Germany was supplied by Russia.

The European Central Bank estimates that the eurozone economy would contract 0.7% if the natural gas supply declined 10%, Fitch noted.

"A 30% loss of gas supply would therefore translate into a 2% decline in eurozone GDP. For Germany, the loss of Russian gas supply would imply a GDP fall of close to 4%," it said.

Fitch said Russian natural gas supplies could be replaced with other sources of gas and energy over time, but an immediate loss poses a significant risk for Europe.

European recession likely if Russia suddenly halts gas supply: Fitch

30% loss of natural gas supply would mean 2% GDP fall in eurozone, 4% in Germany, rating agency says - Anadolu Ajansı

www.aa.com.tr

 

[Bogeyman]

https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1528070153262485504